Nemeth Code Rules

RULE XIV--MODIFIERS

Modification Indicators
  • Directly Over
    • First order
      verbose
      (none)
    • Second order
      verbose
      (none)
  • Directly Under
    • First order
      verbose
      (none)
    • Second order
      verbose
      (none)
  • Multipurpose
  • Superposition
    verbose
    (none)
  • Termination
    verbose
    (none)
Modifiers
  • Arc
    • Concave upward
      verbose
      (none)
    • Concave downward
      verbose
      (none)
  • Arrow
    • Barbed at both ends
      verbose
      (none)
    • Barbed at left
      verbose
      (none)
    • Barbed at left and dotted at right
      verbose
      (none)
    • Barbed at right
      • Contracted form
        verbose
        (none)
      • Uncontracted form
        verbose
        (none)
    • Dotted at both ends
      verbose
      (none)
    • Dotted at left (no barb)
      verbose
      (none)
    • Dotted at left and barbed at right
      verbose
      (none)
    • Dotted at right (no barb)
      verbose
      (none)
    • Hollow dot at both ends
      verbose
      (none)
    • Hollow dot at left (no barb)
      verbose
      (none)
    • Hollow dot at left and barbed at right
      verbose
      (none)
    • Hollow dot at right and barbed at left
      verbose
      (none)
    • Hollow dot at right (no barb)
      verbose
      (none)
  • Bar
    • Horizontal (macron)
      verbose
      (none)
    • Vertical
      verbose
      (none)
  • Caret (circumflex)
    verbose
    (none)
    • Inverted
      verbose
      (none)
    • Left-pointing
      verbose
      (none)
    • Right-pointing
      verbose
      (none)
  • Dot
    verbose
    (none)
  • Hollow dot
    verbose
    (none)
  • Question Mark
    verbose
    (none)
  • Tilde
    • Extended
      verbose
      (none)
    • Simple
      verbose
      (none)
  • Triangle (equilateral)
    verbose
    (none)

§85. Modifiers: A modifier is a superscript or subscript which occupies, respectively, a position directly over or directly under the sign to which it applies. The modifiers in the list at the beginning of this rule are those most commonly used, but other modifiers must be treated in the same manner.

§86. Modified Expressions:

a. The Five-Step Rule for Transcribing Modified Expressions: The components of a modified expression must appear in the following order:

i. Multipurpose indicator "
ii. Expression being modified.
iii. Directly-over indicator < or directly-under indicator %
iv. Modifier.
v.Termination indicator ]
These five components may never be separated from each other by transition to another braille line. The termination indicator terminates only the modified expression; it does not affect the level at which the modified expression occurs.
(1)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x with subscribed bar)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_a_05_001_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(2)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x plus y, with superscribed bar)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_a_05_002_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(3)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(the limit, as x approaches 0, of f of x)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_a_05_003_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(4)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x squared, with a superscribed bar)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_a_05_004_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(5)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x primed, with superscribed bar)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_a_05_005_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(6)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x sub 1, with superscribed bar)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_a_05_006_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(7)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x sub n, with superscribed bar)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_a_05_007_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

b. When the expression being modified is a single digit or a letter, lower-case or capitalized, from any alphabet, and in any type form, and when the modifier is the horizontal bar directly above such a single digit or letter, the digit or letter, followed by the bar, serves to express the modification. This construction should be regarded as a contracted form of expression and must be used whenever applicable. If the modification includes a superscript, subscript, or prime, the five-step rule of a above must be followed. The five-step rule may be used in conjunction with the contracted form without fear of confusion.

(1)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x with superscribed bar)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_b_00_001_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(2)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x with superscribed bar plus y with superscribed bar)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_b_00_002_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(3)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x with superscribed bar, times y)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_b_00_003_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(4)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x, times y with superscribed bar, times z)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_b_00_004_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(5)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x with superscribed bar squared)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_b_00_005_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(6)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x with superscribed bar primed)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_b_00_006_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(7)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x with superscribed bar, sub 1)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_b_00_007_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(8)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x with superscribed bar, sub n)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_b_00_008_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(9)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(boldface capital Z with superscribed bar)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_b_00_009_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(10)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(3.54, bar superscribed to the 4)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_b_00_010_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(11)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(a with superscribed bar times boldface A plus b with superscribed bar times boldface capitalized B, the whole expression with superscribed bar)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_b_00_011_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(12)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(A with a right subscript of x with superscribed bar)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_b_00_012_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(13)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(A with a right subscript of x with superscribed bar plus y with superscribed bar)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_b_00_013_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(14)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(e with a right superscript of a times x with a superscribed bar)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_b_00_014_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(15)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(the plural of x with superscribed bar)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_086_b_00_015_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

§87. Modifiers of Higher Order:

a. A modifier of the second order must be preceded by the second-order directly-over or directly-under indicator, and a modifier of the third order must be preceded by the third-order directly-over or directly-under indicator. The termination indicator, however, must be used only once, after the last modifier symbol.

(1)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x plus y superscribed by a bar, which in turn is superscribed by a equals 3)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_087_a_00_001_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(2)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x plus y subscribed by a bar, which in turn is subscribed by a=3, which is in turn subscribed by b equals 2)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_087_a_00_002_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

b. A modifier of order higher than the third must be treated in the manner suggested in a above.

c. A modifier, to be of order higher than the first, must be associated with the same expression as a modifier of lower order. In §86b(11) above, the long bar is not a modifier of the second order because no modifier of the first order is associated with teh same expression as the long bar.

§88. Simultaneous Modifiers: When a mathematical expression is simultaneously modified above and below, the modifier below must be indicated first. The termination indicator, however, must be used only once, after the last modifier symbol. If the modifiers involved are of order higher than the first, they are treated as described in §87.

(1)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x plus y, with subscribed and superscribed bars)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_088_x_00_001_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(2)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(the Greek capitalized sigma with subscribed n equals 1 and superscribed infinity sign)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_088_x_00_002_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(3)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x plus y subscribed by a bar which is in turn subscribed by a equals 3; superscribed by a bar which is in turn superscribed by b equals 2)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_088_x_00_003_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

§89. Parallel Horizontal Bars: Parallel horizontal bars must not be regarded as the equals sign or the identity sign when they occur above or below a mathematical expression other than a comparison sign. Furthermore, the bar which is more remote from the mathematical expression being modified must not be regarded as a modifier of second or third order; the double or triple bar must be regarded as a single modifier.

(1)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x superscribed by double horizontal bars)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_089_x_00_001_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(2)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x subscribed and superscribed by double horizontal bars)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_089_x_00_002_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(3)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x subscribed by double horizontal bars and superscribed by single horizontal bar)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_089_x_00_003_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(4)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x subscribed by triple horizontal bars)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_089_x_00_004_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

§90. Binomial Coefficient: The two expressions which constitute a binomial coefficient must be separated by the directly-under indicator. The expression which follows the opening parenthesis and precedes the directly-under indicator corresponds to the upper sign in the binomial coefficient; the expression which follows the directly-under indicator and precedes the closing parenthesis corresponds to the lower sign of the binomial coefficient.

(1)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(the binomial coefficient with n as the upper sign and k as the lower sign)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_090_x_00_001_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(2)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(the binomial coefficient with g sub j as the upper sign and a sub j as the lower sign)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_090_x_00_002_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

§91. Modified Expressions in Superscripts and Subscripts: If a modified expression is part or all of a right superscript or subscript, the multipurpose indicator must be preceded by the appropriate level indicator. This will automatically be the case if the modified expression occurs at the beginning of the superscript or subscript; but the appropriate level indicator must be restated if the modified expression occurs at an interior position of the superscript or subscript. If the contracted form for a modified expression is used so that the multipurpose indicator does not appear, the appropriate level indicator must not be restated.

(1)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(A carries a subscript of x with superscribed tilde)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_091_x_00_001_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(2)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(A carries a subscript of x with superscribed tilde plus y with superscribed tilde; the subscript level after the plus sign must be restated before the multipurpose indicator)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_091_x_00_002_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(3)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(A carries a subscript of x with superscribed bar plus y with superscribed bar)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_091_x_00_003_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

§92. Plural Modified Expressions: (See §39).

§93. Modification by Superposition: When one sign modifies another by superposition, in deciding which is the basic sign and which is superposed sign, the following hierarchy, in descending order, should be used as a guide:

i. Integral sign
ii. Operation signs
iii. Bars--horizontal and vertical
iv. Shape signs
v. Comparison signs
vi. Signs not covered above

A sign belonging to a category lower on the list must be regarded as superposed on a sign higher on the list, and the superposition transcribed accordingly. If two signs belong to the same category, it is permissible to represent the superposition in either order, provided that the same order is used consistently throughout the entire transcription. The components of a sign compounded by superposition must be joined by the superposition indicator and transcribed unspaced, and without transition to another braille line. The termination indicator must follow the second component. (For other examples, see "Comparison Signs Compounded by Superposition" pages 140-141, and 143.)
(1)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(integral sign with superposed rectangle)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_093_x_06_001_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(2)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(horizontal bar with superposed square)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_093_x_06_002_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(3)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(dot between bars of equals sign)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_093_x_06_003_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(4)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(equals sign with superposed inclusion sign)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_093_x_06_004_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(5)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(inclusion sign with superposed equals sign)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_093_x_06_005_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(6)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(angle with superposed arc)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_093_x_06_006_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

§94. Interior Modifiers with Signs of Shape: See §111.

§95. Arc:

(1)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(A with subscribed arc concave upward)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_095_x_00_001_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(2)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(AB with superscribed arc concave upward)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_095_x_00_002_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(3)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(A with subscribed arc concave downward)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_095_x_00_003_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(4)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(AB with subscribed arc concave downward)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_095_x_00_004_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

§96. Arrows: Arrows must not be regarded as modifiers when they occur directly over or directly under a comparison sign. In that event, they become a component of a sign of comparison compounded vertically.

When a right-pointing arrow with a single shaft of ordinary length is in regular type, has a full barb, and is not part of a more complex construction or compound modifier, it must be transcribed in its contracted form. If such an arrow is in non-regular type, does not have a full barb or shaft of ordinary length, is part of a compound modifier, or is itself modified, it must be represented in its uncontracted form.
(1)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(AB with superscribed arrow barbed at right)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_096_x_00_001_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(2)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(AB with superscribed arrow barbed at left)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_096_x_00_002_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(3)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(AB with superscribed arrow barbed at both ends)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_096_x_00_003_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(4)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(AB with superscribed arrow barbed at the left and dotted at the right)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_096_x_00_004_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(5)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(AB with superscribed arrow dotted at both ends)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_096_x_00_005_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(6)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(AB with superscribed arrow with hollow dots at both ends)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_096_x_00_006_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(7)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(AB with superscribed arrow dotted at left)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_096_x_00_007_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(8)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(AB with superscribed arrow dotted at left and barbed at right)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_096_x_00_008_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(9)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(AB with superscribed arrow dotted at right)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_096_x_00_009_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(10)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(arrow with superscribed f hollow dot g between X and Y)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_096_x_00_010_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

§97. Horizontal Bar:

a. The horizontal bar must not be regarded as a modifier when it occurs directly over or directly under a comparison sign. In that event, it becomes a component of a sign of comparison compounded vertically (see §147). When the horizontal bar is itself modified by a dot under it or a caret directly over or under it, the combination is a modified sign of comparison (see §146). When the horizontal bar is itself modified by a dot over it, the combination is a sign of operation.

b. The horizontal bar is often used to indicate the recurrence of one or more digits in a decimal numeral by placing it over the digits which recur.

(1)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(decimal point 3, with a bar over the 3)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_097_b_00_001_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(2)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(decimal point 7128, with a bar over the four digits)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_097_b_00_002_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(3)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(3.5729, with a bar over the 29)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_097_b_00_003_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

c. When the horizontal bar occurs over or under the integral sign, or over or under the abbreviated or unabbreviated function name for limit, the bar must not be treated as a modifier (see §171 and §118, respectively).

§98. Caret:

(1)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x with superscribed caret)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_098_x_00_001_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(2)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(equals sign with superscribed caret)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_098_x_00_002_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(3)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x with subscribed inverted caret)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_098_x_00_003_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(4)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(equals sign with superscribed left-pointing caret)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_098_x_00_004_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(5)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(equals sign with superscribed right-pointing caret)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_098_x_00_005_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

§99. Dot:

a. The dot is frequently used to indicate the recurrence of one or more digits in a decimal numeral. When used for this purpose, a dot is usually placed in print over each digit of the recurring sequence. In braille, however, only a single dot must be used as a modifier.

(1)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(decimal point 3, with a dot over the 3)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_099_a_00_001_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(2)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(decimal point 135, with a dot over each of the three digits)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_099_a_00_002_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(3)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(decimal point 135, with a dot over the 5)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_099_a_00_003_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

b. Although there is theoretically no limit to the number of dots which may be placed over or under a single mathematical expression, in practice the number rarely exceeds three dots. However, as many dots must be used in the transcription as are present in the printed text, except in the case of recurring decimals as in a.

(1)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x with two dots over it)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_099_b_00_001_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(2)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x with three dots over it)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_099_b_00_002_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(3)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(x with two dots under it)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_099_b_00_003_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

§100. Hollow Dot:

(1)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(equals sign with superscribed hollow dot)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_100_x_00_001_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

§101. Question Mark:

(1)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(equals sign with superscribed question mark)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_101_x_00_001_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

(2)
(No image)
(No Nemeth Braille)

(equals sign with subscribed question mark)
verbose semantics
(no file at ./Rules/Rule14/phtml/14_101_x_00_002_verb-v_exp-0_sem-1_lang-en.phtml)

§102. Tilde: The tilde, simple or extended, must not be regarded as a modifier when it occurs directly over or under a comparison sign. In that event, it becomes a component of a sign of comparison compounded vertically (see sect;147). When the tilde, simple or extended, is itself modified by a dot or a caret directly over or under it, the combination is a modified sign of comparison (see §146).